{"id":6999,"date":"2026-07-03T13:13:03","date_gmt":"2026-07-03T13:13:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/interspacemusic.com\/blog\/chinas-music-market-a-stack-of-separate-markets-not-one\/"},"modified":"2026-07-03T13:13:03","modified_gmt":"2026-07-03T13:13:03","slug":"chinas-music-market-a-stack-of-separate-markets-not-one","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/interspacemusic.com\/blog\/chinas-music-market-a-stack-of-separate-markets-not-one\/","title":{"rendered":"China&#8217;s Music Market: A Stack of Separate Markets, Not One"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>China&#8217;s recorded music market overtook Germany in 2025 to become the world&#8217;s fourth largest, expanding 20.1% in a single year, the fastest rate among major markets, according to <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifpi.org\">IFPI<\/a><\/strong> data. Yet for <a href=\"https:\/\/interspacemusic.com\/blog\/def-jam-recordings-enters-china-a-new-era-for-hip-hop-in-chengdu\/\">foreign artists and labels<\/a>, the headline figures obscure a reality: China is not one market but a stack of separate markets, each with its own gatekeepers, rules, and revenue streams.<\/p>\n<h2>Performance permits and the local partner requirement<\/h2>\n<p>In most Western countries, an artist can independently promote a show, sign a distributor, and license a recording to a platform. In China, each of those steps must pass through a licensed domestic entity. A commercial performance requires a permit from the local Culture and Tourism authority, and a foreign act cannot hold or apply for that permit itself. The application must be filed by a licensed performance agency, and the setlist is submitted for approval before tickets go on sale.<\/p>\n<p>Permits are tied to a single venue, date, and lineup. They can also be frozen during politically sensitive periods that have no connection to the music. The common advice to &#8220;find a local partner&#8221; understates the reality: that partner is the legal holder of your permit, controls your approvals, and often sits inside your rights chain. The most frequent failure points in agency and sub-licensing agreements are who controls the performance permit, how rights move down the sub-licensing chain, and who absorbs the loss when an approval is pulled at the last minute.<\/p>\n<h2>Copyright law: stronger on paper than in practice<\/h2>\n<p>The assumption that China lacks copyright protection is outdated. The <strong>Copyright Law<\/strong> amended in 2020 and effective from June 2021 introduced punitive damages for willful infringement. <strong>Article 45<\/strong> granted sound recording producers a right to payment when their recordings are broadcast or publicly performed, a right that the United States does not extend to terrestrial AM\/FM radio. In the U.S., only songwriters are paid for radio play; recording owners are compensated only for digital and satellite transmissions via <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.soundexchange.com\">SoundExchange<\/a><\/strong>. China&#8217;s statute reaches further on paper, covering traditional broadcast and public performances of sound recordings.<\/p>\n<p>The practical gap is collection. Walk into a shopping mall, a chain restaurant, or a bubble-tea shop, and current hits play constantly, often within days of a Billboard chart debut. Almost none of that generates a public performance fee that reaches the rights holder. The right exists; the infrastructure to collect it barely does.<\/p>\n<p>Two bodies handle collective licensing. The <strong>Music Copyright Society of China (MCSC)<\/strong>, founded in 1992, is the sole collective society for musical works (composition and lyrics). The <strong>China Audio-Video Copyright Association (CAVCA)<\/strong>, founded in 2008, is the sole society for sound and video recordings. The framework dates to China&#8217;s WTO accession era. MCSC manages musical works, while CAVCA focuses primarily on recordings, particularly karaoke licensing. There is no competitive layer of societies like <strong>ASCAP<\/strong>, BMI, SESAC, and GMR for publishers to leverage. Registration among independent and foreign rights holders remains thin, and the distance between a right held and money received is wide.<\/p>\n<h2>Contractual pitfalls: the buyout default<\/h2>\n<p>A large share of Chinese music deals default to a buyout, a single payment for a broad transfer of rights. Foreign songwriters routinely sign away more than they intended because the document assumes assignment where they assumed a license. The rights clause should be read as if every word costs money.<\/p>\n<h2>Streaming exclusivity: a narrow but potent tool<\/h2>\n<p>Spotify does not operate in mainland China. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/interspacemusic.com\/blog\/global-k-chart-melon-tencent-line-music-kpop-2026\/\">Tencent Music Entertainment<\/a> (TME)<\/strong> runs the market through <strong>QQ Music<\/strong>, <strong>Kugou<\/strong>, and <strong>Kuwo<\/strong>, with <strong>NetEase Cloud Music<\/strong> as the main challenger. Licensing rules shifted in 2021 when China&#8217;s market regulator ordered TME to relinquish the long-term exclusive lock-ups it held with the global majors, after finding the company controlled more than 80% of exclusive library rights following its 2016 merger with China Music Corporation.<\/p>\n<p>What survived is narrower and still legal: exclusive deals with independent artists for up to three years, and an exclusive release window of up to 30 days for new songs. That 30-day window has become a competitive lever. When <strong>TF Entertainment<\/strong>, the company behind some of China&#8217;s biggest idol groups, signed with both TME and NetEase, TME secured a first-release window. For a foreign artist with genuine demand, that short exclusivity is a point of leverage that a platform may pay a premium to lock down for a launch.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"China&#8217;s recorded music market has surged to fourth globally, yet foreign artists and labels must navigate a fragmented system of distinct regulatory, legal, and commercial silos.","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":7000,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"csco_display_header_overlay":false,"csco_singular_sidebar":"","csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_post_video_location":[],"csco_post_video_location_hash":"","csco_post_video_url":"","csco_post_video_bg_start_time":0,"csco_post_video_bg_end_time":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[515],"tags":[253,503,343,2048,342,540],"class_list":["post-6999","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-tech-innovation","tag-china","tag-copyright","tag-music-industry","tag-netease-cloud-music","tag-streaming","tag-tencent-music","cs-entry","cs-video-wrap"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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